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Short, practical guides on the concepts behind the tools — image formats, PDF internals, hashing, encoding and tokens. No fluff, no sign-up, just answers.
A practical guide to choosing between PNG, JPG and WebP — how each format compresses, when transparency matters, and which one gives the smallest file for photos, screenshots and logos.
6 min readWhy images are so large, and the three levers that shrink them — resizing dimensions, choosing the right format, and setting compression quality — with practical targets for web, email and messaging.
6 min readWhat actually makes PDFs large, how compression shrinks them — image downsampling, re-encoding, and structure cleanup — and how to know when compressing a PDF will and won't cost you quality.
6 min readWhat cryptographic hashes are for, why MD5 and SHA-1 are considered broken, when they're still fine to use, and why SHA-256 is the default choice for integrity checks and security.
6 min readHow Base64 turns binary data into safe text, why it exists, where it's used — email attachments, data URLs, JWTs — and the crucial point that it is encoding, not encryption.
5 min readThe anatomy of a JSON Web Token: header, payload and signature, what the standard claims mean, how expiry works, and the security caveats every developer should know before trusting one.
6 min read